Managerial Finance Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Managerial Finance - Assignment Example c) The utility company can take out a large debt as it is able to sustain it as it generates enough revenue throughout the year to finance the debt where a software company which works on one of orders and generates revenue on successful orders completed hence they cannot afford to reduce their profitability and revenues by taking debt and then giving interest on it. d) The investor would not invest all the investment in one company as this will increase risk. When the investment is spread over all the various companies and various industries of different nature the inherent risk of investment is diversified and minimized. P2-15 a) The company has a very effective sales collection system in place and as per the figures the company has a defective rate of 12.5% and rest of the sales in other terms have been collected in cash or were already collected as per the system. b) Yes it would increase the entire debt from a 12.5% to a staggering 16.67% which would mean the company is effectiv ely loosing 16.67% of the 75% sales that it is making which is a huge problem for the company.

A Life Journey of Mao Zedong Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

A Life Journey of Mao Zedong - Essay Example Mao was born when the Qing Dynasty was on the course of the breakdown of its powers over the ruling of China. For two hundred fifty years, Qing Dynasty ruled China with strictness. But they were in a quandary as to how to hold on to their authority. The rulers were in a difficulty over the peoples’ unrest. For over thirty years the Qing rulers had been trying to reorganize their land and naval forces and to equip them with modern Western weapons but Japan easily won in the war of 1894. (1) Foreign nations colonized the different parts of China. Powerful nations like Japan, France, Germany and Great Britain were interested in dominating China. Rebels tried to fight to regain Beijing in 1900, killing foreigners and Christian Chinese. This brought about more foreign invasions. Authorities in the other parts of China beheaded rioters and rebels. Qing Dynasty crushed down in October 1911 by the uprising of militant rebels. Though Spence briefly skimmed historical events during the early years of Mao’s life, significant dates, events, and persons were included. The book is a brief but close up portrait of Mao Zedong from his childhood years to the time when he ruled China. Spence combined history and storytelling on Mao’s climb to power. From a common villager without extraordinary talents to a learned man, Spence connected the series of events that led Mao to the peak of his rule. An interesting biography to read and understand this man with a great vision of China’s social and economic change.

Managerial Finance Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Managerial Finance - Assignment Example c) The utility company can take out a large debt as it is able to sustain it as it generates enough revenue throughout the year to finance the debt where a software company which works on one of orders and generates revenue on successful orders completed hence they cannot afford to reduce their profitability and revenues by taking debt and then giving interest on it. d) The investor would not invest all the investment in one company as this will increase risk. When the investment is spread over all the various companies and various industries of different nature the inherent risk of investment is diversified and minimized. P2-15 a) The company has a very effective sales collection system in place and as per the figures the company has a defective rate of 12.5% and rest of the sales in other terms have been collected in cash or were already collected as per the system. b) Yes it would increase the entire debt from a 12.5% to a staggering 16.67% which would mean the company is effectiv ely loosing 16.67% of the 75% sales that it is making which is a huge problem for the company.

The Tell Tale Heart by Edgar Allan Poe Essay Example for Free

The Tell Tale Heart by Edgar Allan Poe Essay There is an obscure symbolistic link between the old man and Poes adoptive father in real life, John Allan, and between the narrator in the story and Poe. There are several similarities between the old man and Allan. Both men had blue eyes. Much like the old man had never wronged the narrator, Allan had never wronged Poe. Similarities abound between Poe and the narrator, as well. Neither had a wish for riches and they both behaved affectionately to their counterparts face even though they despised him behind his back. The story was an outlet for Poes pent-up aggression toward his adoptive father. There is another symbolistic link involving the Evil Eye. Poe sees himself in the old man, and the evil eye represents an Evil. The murdered man is sacrificed to a self-constituted deity. The self-destruction theme is furthered significantly, as the author himself is murdered (symbolically) as well. After the narrator kills the old man and dismembers the corpse, he plots to hide the body under the floor. At some moment, judging by the context of the story, at three oclock, the narrator rips up three planks from the flooring of the chamber. The three planks may represent the Roman numeral III. The composition of The Tell Tale Heart was doubtlessly influenced by a severe heart attack. The heart attack happened in the summer of1842. The implications of Poes obsession with the heart after a near death experience are vitally important to understanding the story and the symbolic meaning behind it. A heart attack and a brush with death would give very good reason for Poe to choose heartbeats to express the deep and buried obsessions with which he deals. The heart, which to him embodies what is wrong with him and his life, symbolises in the story that which is wrong with the narrator, that is the lack of the coherence of the implication of logic, reason and morals. There are many motifs (objects, ideas, kinds of characters, settings, etc.) that repeat or recur throughout his stories and poems. One of his most common motifs is the EYE. Sometimes referred to as an orb, the Eye has log been considered a window to the soul. Particularly notice the use of the EYE motif in The Tell Tale Heart, The Black Cat, and Hopfrog. Another frequently repeated motif in Poe is the HEART. The HEART is important as both the physical pump of the body and as the centre of all feelings and experience. Considered a Romantic, (the capital R denoting a literary movement and time period) Poe places far greater emphasis on the HEART (representing emotion and experience) than on the head (representing intellect, rational thought and scientific reasoning.) In a sense, the HEART is the wellspring for all of Poes tales and poems. He often has an UN-NAMED NARRATOR telling the stories for him. However, each narrator is different, distinct from any other. The reader is not meant to see the narrator as Poe himself but rather as a separate character or persona. Some of Poes narrators are sane, some are clearly not; and some, well, Poe reminds us quite often what a FINE LINE separates SANITY FROM INSANITY! Poe frequently uses a PREMATURE BURIAL motif and also a motif of SUFFOCATION. These two concepts are sometimes linked, as a kind of Life-in-Death theme. LIKE IN The Tell Tale Heart, The Cask of Amontillado, The Fall of The House of Usher, and other tales. Tension plays a major role in this play For a whole hour I did not move a muscle, and in the meantime I did not hear him lie down. There is an hour-long wait with the tension of whos going to break first. Also there is the ever-growing sound of the heartbeat It grew louder, I say, louder every moment. There is also the entrance of the police and wondering whether or not he will be caught. The belief in the EVIL EYE dates back to ancient times and even today, is fairly common in India and the countries bordering the Mediterranean Sea. References are made to it in the Jewish, Islamic, Buddhist and Hindu faiths. The belief centres around the idea that those who possess the EVIL EYE have the power to harm people or their possessions merely by looking at them. Wherever this belief exists, it is common to assign the EVIL EYE as the cause of unexplainable illness and misfortunes of any kind. To protect oneself from the power of the eye, certain measures can be taken. In Muslim areas, the colour blue is painted on the shutters of the houses, and found on beads worn by both children and animals. In extreme cases, the eye, whether voluntarily or not, must be destroyed. It is altogether possible that Poe would have had knowledge of that rather strange belief, which creates another interesting twist to the story. Maybe the narrator, who tries to convince us that madness is not really the issue, is telling the truth. Maybe this vile act is necessary in order to destroy the power of the old mans EVIL EYE! Atmosphere plays a big part in any classic horror story in order to paint a vivid picture to keep the reader interested. In The Tell Tale Heart there are many examples that create a menacing atmosphere. The fact that the narrator says that he arrives about midnight, Midnight being known as the witching hour, this creates a feeling or horror. Also it is black as pitch with the thick darkness. The reason people are afraid of the dark is the fear of the unknown. You cant feeling scared that if the old man wakes you know that he will be killed. With noises like hinges creaking you are just waiting for the man to wake up which also creates tension. There is also death-watchers in the wall. Another key factor for any horror story is Unpleasant Detail. It makes people repulse and creates a motion. In The Tell Tale Heart it is the description of the old mans eye One of his eyes resembled that of a vulture- a pale blue eye, with a film over it. Also the murdering and dismembering of the old mans body I dragged him to the floor and pulled the heavy bed over him First of all I dismembered the corpse. I cut off the head and the arms and the legs. It is ironic that the narrator, who is from the beginning of the story considering himself to be the model of patience, seems to be bothered by the notion of time and the irrevocable direction that it takes. The narrator hears the heartbeats as irreversible time: a watch enveloped in cotton. In the beginning the narrator thinks that the organ of sight, the Evil Eye, is so vexing; but in the end, a sound, the beating of the old mans heart, is what condemns the madman. While he was guarding against one danger he was being overcome by another- Irony. It is the narrators conscience that leads him to confess. It is neither the police nor a witness that dooms the narrator; it is the narrator himself who instigates his own demise. How ironic, and terrifying, it is that a madman who has no need for reason finds it impossible to carry on without justice. You would normally associate a disease or illness as a negative but the narrator tells us that the disease has benefited him this is ironic The disease has sharpened my senses- not destroyed- not dulled them. The disease in this case is obviously a severe case of emotions, and as such he must confess the repulsive murder of an unarmed old man. (For the shutters were close fastened, through fear of robbers). This is ironic for the purpose of the shutters is to keep robbers out. Madness creates unpredictability. The Tell Tale Heart consists of a monologue in which the murderer of an old man protests his sanity rather than his guilt: You fancy me mad. Madmen know nothing. But you should have seen me. You should have seen how wisely I proceeded By the narrator insisting so emphatically that he is sane, the reader is assured that he is indeed deranged. By using this irony the narrator creates a feeling of hysteria, and the turmoil resulting from this hysteria is what makes The Tell Tale Heart a classic horror story. The murder of the old man is motiveless, and unconnected with passion or profit. But in a deeper sense, the murder does have a purpose: to ensure the narrator does not have to endure the haunting of the Evil Eye any longer. I loved the old man For his gold I had no desire. I think it was his eye! Yes, it was this! To a madman, this is as good of a reason as any: in the mind of a madman, reason does not always win out over emotion. Modern vs. Classic Modern films have great effects unheard of hundreds of years ago, intense stories and bad guys you just love to hate. Classic horror cant be beat for atmosphere and mythic storylines, along with monsters that reflect much of the human condition. I think classic horror runs into problems today because watching videos has become a social thing- a lot of noise, talking and other distractions allows you to pick up the action and general appeal modern horror has to offer but not the atmosphere and plot of classic horror. The heroes/heroines are usually fairly good-looking teenagers giving appeal to their generation. In teen horror they usually make sequels depending on how successful the first one was. With the Scream Trilogy and the two I Know What You Did Last Summer films the killer involves a masked man/men going on a killing spree yet failing to kill the main character. There is also the suspense of guessing who the killer is. The film usually gives you several suspects to keep you guessing. Where as with The Tell Tale Heart you already know who the killer is but there is the suspense of when he is actually going to kill him. Unlike with modern horror there is only really one character in the whole story. The classic films of the thirties and forties had interesting plots, good art direction and were well acted. The monsters in the films were normally not evil, but victims of circumstance. The creature was an animal defending his territory, the monster of Frankenstein was a child in the body of a behemoth abandoned by his creator, the Phantom and Quasimodo were deformed freaks shunned by society despite having souls filled with beauty, the Mummy was sentenced to eternal life because he used the forbidden Scroll of Thoth to bring his lover back to life and the Wolf Man was the ultimate victim knowing his condition and unable to do a thing about it despite his best efforts. Only Dracula seemed to follow the path of evil on his own volition. There was also a lot of good in these monsters, and many children could identify with them being misunderstood and not really bad. Many kids accepted the classic monsters as friends, and this ignited the monster craze of the sixties. The films are timeless, and many do not seem all that dated even by todays standards. Modern horror, on the other hand, revels in being brutal, graphic and evil. Monsters like Freddie Krueger, Leatherface, Pinhead, Michael Myers, Hannibal Lector and Jason are evil and rotten to the core. These seemingly unstoppable madmen wont rest until everyone in their way is dead, in the most creative and imaginative ways. These films generally revolve around the battle of good versus evil- good usually wins in the end, but at a high cost and the survivors normally are annihilated in the sequel, proving that evil only has to win once.

Access and consent in public photography

Access and consent in public photography Difficulties in obtaining literature I thought it would be appropriate to start this chapter with a foreword, explaining the difficulties I had in obtaining relevant literature for this review. Whilst conducting an initial search for literature, it became quickly apparent that very little other primary research had been conducted on this subject. To confound matters, the only literature that had been conducted was extremely dated. As a result, there was little other material that I would be able to compare my research to. The one piece of research that was directly relevant was a chapter in Image Ethics by Lisa Henderson – Access and consent in public photography. This chapter will receive a thorough review in a latter section of this review, as its importance as the only other comparable piece of primary research cannot be understated. The only other papers I found that were comparable in terms of content were legal review papers, usually specific to a particular nation. Both Dunedin and Ludlows papers at first glance seemed to be similar in content to my working title (Dunedin 2007; Ludlow 2005). Upon closer inspection though, their applicability was limited. Both dealt with photography as a form of privacy invasion, however, the large bulk of both papers was review of the legislation covering these issues in New Zealand and Australia respectively. Whilst some the content was arguably valuable, I felt that discussing legal legalisation of countries outside of the UK would be irrelevant in the context of my interviews. As there is little to no comparable primary research to base this review upon, I have instead aimed to provide a comprehensive overview of the relevant issues that may occur during the interview process. These include, an overview of the laws in the UK that govern photographers rights, A social history of amateur photography and the advent of the Kodak and specific review of Hendersons Access and Consent in Public Photography. The Law The law is fundamental to many of the arguments covered in this dissertation. The UK law in particular, covers many aspects of photographers rights and details exactly when and how they may intrude upon the privacy of others. Despite issues such as the intrusion of privacy, are more of a modern product of legal development, their creation can be attributed in part to the onset popularisation of amateur photography as a result of the hand camera. In this aspect, it can be argued that photography is on the forefront of ethical and moral issues surrounding privacy and the protection of intellectual property. In particular, this section will focus on the laws surrounding photography of private property, invasion of privacy and harassment, and photography of children. There exists much material on copyright issues pertaining to photography. I have purposefully excluded these issues from this review because I felt it was less relevant to the overall purpose of the dissertation as compared to the issues involved in actually performing the act of taking the photograph. Private property As a rule of thumb, photographers do have the right to take photographs of private property from public spaces (Macpherson 2009). Photographers also have the right to take photographs on private property provided they have the owners permission to do so. Conversely however, any owner of private property has the right to refuse access to a property upon entry, and this includes taking photographs of said property. Macpherson notes that, in addition, photography is restricted upon entry to other areas of private property that some might consider public, including â€Å"museums, stately homes, for example, and by most concert venues† In addition, the use of a of a long lens to take to an picture of a private property, such as a persons residence, is an invasion of privacy if the photograph is taken without the owners consent, even if it is taken in a public space (Macpherson 2009). Exceptions in Public Spaces The UK has two exceptions, where photography is prohibited in openly public spaces. These specifically, include Trafalgar Square and Parliament Square in London. Photography in these areas is prohibited from commercial photography, for example, it could not be used in business adverting or for selling prints (Greater London Authority 2002). Non-commercial photography is not prohibited, for example, tourists taking photographs are unrestricted in their photography in these areas. Harassment In general, any harassment of a person is illegal. Obviously this term is extremely broad but photography in certain circumstances can be viewed as harassment. Macpherson notes that â€Å"Harassment is essentially behaviour that causes alarm or distress, and it refers to a ‘course of conduct not a single incident.† (Macpherson 2009) This means that this behaviour has to be repeated at least twice to count to amount to harassment; however, two separate incidents have the potential to occur in a short period a time, for example, if a person repeatedly tried to photograph of an unwilling subject. Invasion of Privacy As it stands, the UK does have laws governing an individuals privacy. This right to privacy has developed through the interaction of the European Convention on Human Rights with domestic law through the Human Rights Act 1998. This may result in certain prohibitions on the practice of photography. Specifically Article 8 of European Convention on Human Rights gives every individual the right to protect their private family life, correspondence and home from the intrusion of others. Whether this right is directly a result of the Human Rights Act 1998 or is judicially created, is a matter that has been widely discussed (Morgan 2004). Whilst, the right to privacy is protected by Article 8 of the convention, Article 10 detailing freedom of expression, contradicts this right in terms of photography As a result, courts often have to judge each case in terms of its own merits (Human Rights Act 1998). To confound matters, article 8 is in a stage of flux, and laws surrounding the privacy of ind ividuals are often altered, creating the potential for further confusion among both photographers and members of the general public. When specifically considering the case of photographing in public spaces, the core of the issue lies in whether a person could have a reasonable expectation of privacy, however, the degree to which is asserted is a matter of debate. Data Protection Despite there currently not being a case of such, there is still a possibility that photographs may be subject to the Data Protection Act (Data Protection Act 1998). This act monitors and protects all aspects pertaining to personal information. Whilst the act does not specifically mention privacy as a concept, the label of ‘personal information can relate to almost any aspect of an individuals intellectual property, whether this includes their image, is a question that has yet to be clearly stated ,but is a matter that will no doubt be debated in the near future. Protection of Children The law protects children in exactly the same way as adults when considering the issues we have already considered in terms of harassment, data protection and invasions of privacy. However, in addition, children are also protected by the child protection act. It is illegal both to take an indecent photograph of a child, or to edit an image in such a way that a photograph becomes indecent. These laws are detailed in the Protection of Children Act (Protection of Children Act 1978). Macpherson notes that while it is not illegal to take photographs of children under the age of 16 in public places, it may well arouse suspicion from the police and may result in investigation of motives (Macpherson 2009). In addition he notes that other activities and events put on by local councils, such as fairs and school-based events, may well have strict rules about photography of children which can be enforced. Security National Security has become an issue of chief importance in the light of recent terrorist activity. One of the most published examples is the fact that is now illegal to transfer or publish a photograph of a police constable, members of the armed forces, or other security related personnel under new counter terrorist legislation (Counter-Terrorism Act 2008). This rule is somewhat moderated by the fact that the accused photograph would have to be of a nature that would prove useful to terrorists. The accused are capable of defending themselves if they manage to provide a reasonable excuse, nevertheless, the focus of this legislation is arguably still a case of ‘guilty before proven innocent. This law has been met with considerable resistance, with journalists recently staging a protest against the legalisation at Scotland Yard. In an news article covering the protest, Victoria Bone notes â€Å"That means anyone taking a picture of one of those people could face a fine or a prison sentence of up to 10 years, if a link to terrorism is proved The law has angered photographers, both professional and amateur, who fear it could exacerbate the harassment they already sometimes face.† (Bone 2009) A Cultural History Of Amateur Photography The Advent Of Personality And Privacy The advent of a formal understanding of privacy is an issue that is central to this entire dissertation. I wanted to examine the advent of privacy as a concept because it is so inextricably linked to many of the issues that arose through my interviews, aiding my latter analysis. Many of the issues pertaining to the evolution of privacy can be found in Mensels paper Kodakers Lying in Wait: Amateur Photography and the Right of Privacy in New York, 1885 -1915 (Mensel 1991). At first glance of this paper, I was concerned of its potential use because I wanted to focus on the UK, as many of these issues are culturally relative. Despite this, upon further inspection, the concepts the paper produces are universal in their applicability. In addition, many of the issues of privacy do appear to have developed in Victorian New York in a way that is both traceable and easily understood. The first of Mensels key references in the development of privacy is author Warren Susman. Susman has written a wealth of information on the fundamental changes that occurred in American society in the early 20th century. Perhaps the most important of these changes was the shift between being a â€Å"culture of character† to a â€Å"culture of personality†. In her book ‘Culture as History: The Transformation of American Society in the Twentieth Century (Susman 1984) Susman describes how self-awareness developed within society, subtly and yet fundamentally. He argues that for much of the 1800s that society was defined by the nature of â€Å"Character†. Character was defined as form of self-awareness where people examined their own morality. From Susman: â€Å"In the age of self-consciousness, a popular vision of the self defined by the word character became fundamental in sustaining and even in shaping the significant forms of the culture. Such a concept filled two important functions. It proposed a method for both mastery and development of the self. In fact, it argued that its kind of self-control was the way to fullest development of the moral significance of self. But it also provided a method of presenting the self to society, offering a standard of conduct that assured interrelationship between the social and the moral.† This matter of expressing oneself to society was a crucial trigger for a wide reaching social change. For Susman, the advent of character was the first step on the road to society developing personality and consequently, the concept of privacy. Despite these insights, Mensel argues that Susmans use of words such as ‘character and ‘personality are inappropriate because such distinction between them was not recognised at that time. Another key reference that Mensel cites in his paper, is the writing of renowned journalist EL Godkin. Godkin was at the forefront of the development of privacy as a concept and was one of the first to write specifically on the matter. His article in Scirbners magazine ‘The Rights of the Citizen was one of the first writings to consider â€Å"The right to decide how much knowledge of [an individuals] own private affairs the public shall have† (Godkin 1890). Godkin saw privacy as â€Å"a distinctly modern product, one of luxuries of civilisation†. Having recognised the advent of privacy as a new phenomenon, Godkin was also conscious of the threats to privacy that the behaviours of modern society represented. He was particularly concerned with the behaviour of the media in intruding peoples personal lives: â€Å"The Chief enemy of privacy in modern life is that interest in other people and their affairs known as curiosity, which in days before newspapers created personal gossip [A]s long as gossip was oral, is spread, as regarded any one individual, over a very small area, and was confined to the immediate circle of his acquaintances. It did not reach, or but rarely reached, those who knew nothing of him. It did not make his name, or his walk, or his conversation familiar to strangers† Godkins writings on the issues of privacy and how it may be intruded upon, inspired a strong desire within some sectors of the society, to protect their privacy with legal means. Some social commentators have argued that Godkins work was the direct inspiration for Warren and Brandeiss groundbreaking article, ‘The Right to Privacy, that argued for privacy to be protected by law (Warren Brandeis 1890). Ironically , it would appear that Godkin was actually opposed to using the law as a method of protecting privacy. According to Mensel, this was partially due to the fact that a jury in such a trial would be most likely â€Å"be composed of the same ‘depraved classes that were responsible for the advent of sensationalist journalism and intrusive photography profitable† (Mensel 1991). Despite Godkins objections, Warren and Brandeiss article was a huge success. Combining elements from varied and estranged fields of law, they managed to formulate an argument that the law could protect the â€Å"thoughts, sentiments and emotions† of the general public (Warren and Brandeis 1890). This issue was especially important to the authors because of the threat generated by â€Å"Recent inventions and business methods† These included the new journalism style that was similarly disregarded by Godkin, in addition a previously unconsidered threat in the form of the newly invented Kodak hand camera. The Social Impact Of The Kodak Camera Photography, prior to the invention of the hand camera, was a difficult and cumbersome process that was only left to the reserve of a minority of experts. It was certainly not the highly accessible hobby that it became in later years. As Jenkins notes: â€Å"From the time of the introduction of commercial photography in 1839 until the late 1870s, the technical complexities of the photographic process were so great that only professional photographers and a very few avid amateurs chose to pursue the practice. In the 1870s the photographer had, for example, to prepare the photosensitive materials; adjust the camera settings; expose, develop, and fix the glass-plate negative; and print and fix the positive paper copy.† (Jenkins 1975) This situation changed permanently and dramatically with the invention of the hand camera, invented by George Eastman. This camera used an innovative new technology that used dry plates and allowed for instantaneous exposures. This new technology came to change not only how photographs were taken, but who took them. Perhaps the widest reaching effect of the introduction of the Kodak was to allow members of the public with no little to no previous experience of photography to take acceptable quality pictures. Whilst this may have seen as a positive step in terms of the reputation and esteem of the photographers, the advent of thousands of amateur photographers had the opposite effect. In the late 19th century, in America, prominent newspapers such as The New York Times produced articles on what came to be known as The Camera Epidemic (The New York Times 1884). These articles disregarded the mass popularisation of photography to the extent of a labelling it a national scourge. Reports written by members of the public of the growing problem of â€Å"camera lunatics appear frequently in letters to the major publishers. A different article in the New York Times (NYT 1884) went as far to liken amateur photographers to the mentally ill: â€Å"it has not occurred to a single medical man that the first noticeable increase in the percentage of lunatics in this country and in England took place about a year after the introduction of dry plate photography We need search no further to find out why our lunatic asylums are crowded. These reports are a potent reminder of the disregard many people felt for the advent of the hand camera at this time. One article detailing Secretary of Treasury, Charles Folger marked as an oddity for having â€Å"a most extraordinary fondness for being photographed†, In the same article as the author describes Folgers picture being taken be describes â€Å"..while the camera does its deadly work† (NYT 1884) Examples such as these highlight the publics distaste for these new amateurs. One particularly violent solution was offered in The Amateur Photographer1885: There is but one remedy for the amateur photographer. Put a brick through his camera whenever you suspect he has taken you unawares. And if there is any doubt, give the benefit of it to the brick, not to the camera. The rights of private property, personal liberty, and personal security birthrights, all of them, of American citizens are distinctly are distinctly inconsistent with the unlicensed use of the instantaneous process. (The Amateur Photographer 1885) Access And Consent In Public Photography – A Review This essay, written by Lisa Henderson, is essentially a review of an unpublished masters thesis – Photographing in Public Places: Photography as social interaction that was produced while she was a student at the University of Pennsylvania in 1983. I first encountered this essay while studying a book called Image Ethics: The Moral Rights of Subjects in Photographs, Film, and Television published in 1991, the essay however is also revised and reprinted in a book called The Photographer Reader published in 2003. The gap between these dates was a good initial indication that the essay had occupied a unique niche in terms of describing issues of privacy caused by photography from a social standpoint. Indeed, it is the only comparable piece of literature I have found on the subject. Unfortunately, I was unable to obtain a copy of the original thesis. Thankfully, the essay alone contains a detailed summary of the most pertinent results. This section will review these results so that I may be able to compare the findings of our research during my analysis and conclusions. Hendersons results are subdivided into three main categories: Settings, Subjects and Strategies. I will purposefully avoid repeating the reference (Henderson 2003), all of the following material is adapted from the most recent version of her essay in The Photography Reader, all statements can be directly attributed to this essay. Settings Henderson begins this chapter with four elements that she has defined as being key when considering the setting of photographs: 1) The familiarity of the setting 2) Whether the setting is is considered a â€Å"front† or â€Å"back† region of a larger area 3) How frequently photographs are taken in the setting and 4) The purpose of the event within the setting. Familiarity, according to Henderson, is key in defining how comfortable a photographer feels taking photographs in a given setting. She notes that familiarity is key because it allows a photographer to achieve a state of â€Å"normality† By understanding their subject audiences, photographers can blend into specific cultural settings and make their subjects feel at ease. The language used in this case is interesting. Henderson implies that a state of â€Å"normality† is beneficial because photography is an abnormal action. The terms of â€Å"front and back† are adapted from theatrical stage language and define a photographers route of access. Back regions involve a photographer to imitate the image of a consummate professional going about day-to-day business, they can achieve this by being accompanied by a official such a police officer or by â€Å"pretending† to be on official business. Front entrance occurs when an event implies a photographers presence is not unusual. Henderson argues that photographers are more comfortable when surrounded by their own kind. A mob has the effect of drawing attention away from the individual, making it easier for a single photographer to achieve â€Å"neutrality† in their setting. Again, the language here implies neutrality is beneficial in order to avoid unwanted attention. Again, events where photography is expected, such as press conferences, are easier for photographers because photography is the expected norm at such an event. Subjects Henderson introduces this section with what some would argue, is an extremely bold statement: â€Å"No group of people is categorically off-limits or of no interest to photographers†. This statement is modified by adding that many different groups at treated differently by photographers, Age, gender ethnicity and social class all require a modification of strategy be it an invitation to take a photography or an act of â€Å"intimidation in others†. Henderson notes that a common subject for many amateur photographers can be found in street performers performing various formal and informal activities. Individuals performing musical, theatrical or other forms of entertainment are ideal according to Henderson, because photography is usually a welcome presence or â€Å"flattery† for many street performers who are keen for attention. They also allow the photographers to remain relatively unnoticed among a crowd of stationary observers. Strategies Henderson describes a plethora of different strategies in order to gain access to their subjects. These strategies are eased if the photographer shares common characteristics with their subjects, she cites ethnicity, social class and social background as being key in determining the ease at which a photographer can gain access to their subjects. Interestingly, she notes that children are an exception â€Å"Photographing children is an exception. Children are thought to be less self-conscious about their appearance and less likely to anticipate the â€Å"possible horrors† of photographs and they might appear in publication† This comment is of particular interest because it reflects the culture of the time in which it was written. Indeed children would be considered an exception in photography in recent times, more likely for the fact that they were a subject to be avoided due to possible fear of being labelled a sexual deviant. A mass paranoia about paedophilia was not p resent in the early 1980s to the same degree that it is currently. Henderson describes a variety of different strategies that may be employed to gain access to their subjects. The majority of these involve the photographer assuming a role where he/she can appear as â€Å"un-alarming† as possible by either assuming an official role or by blending in with the crowd. Conclusions Hendersons work serves an interesting social insight into the behaviour of photographers. However, there are several factors that would be interesting to have been more informed on. She mentions that this work is based on interviews with 15 ‘photographers, it becomes clear in the subsequent prose that these photographers consist of a mix of amateurs, professionals and photojournalists, which does seem a wide variety for such a small sample. In many ways, the paper exudes a feeling of disapproval, photographers are seen as taking steps to remain â€Å"un-alarming† and seeking to try and gain an appearance of â€Å"normality†. Photographers are also seen as adjusting their approach to different social groups by â€Å"intimidating† them, although direct quotations or evidence to support this claim is not provided. In many regards, this paper seems to follow the line of the amateur photographer as a 19th century â€Å"camera lunatic†. Whilst informative, it does seem somewhat odd that this one-sided approach to the issue remains the only obtainable source on the behaviour of the photographer and their considerations of privacy.

Essay --

Gender roles have been a predominant factor in our world since the early emergence of human societies whether they are positive or negative. They are based on expectations that societies have over the people in them. The Epic of Sunjata, shows us how men and women are treated almost equally in different forms. Women are praised for their ability to birth leaders, which is similar to the early Greek Society. In most societies, women are treated less equal than men. This was prevalent in the early Indian society. No matter the gender role, it has been shown that any society cannot survive without both men and women. As we studied in class, early Indian culture and society in 300 C.E., the Hindu society was dominated by the caste system, which influenced almost every aspect of life. Each caste had its own particular dharma, carrying with rights, obligations and restrictions. Beyond this was a generalized dharma applicable to all: deference to the Brahmins, devotion to the gods, and reverence for the Ganges and for sacred cattle (Connections, Pg. 58). Procreation too, was considered a sacred duty: large families were seen as blessings from the gods, and any attempt to limit family size was frowned upon (Connections, Pg. 58). Since reproduction was essential to reincarnation, for most people marriage and parenthood were moral obligations. Naturally, to fulfill their dharma, people had to marry within their caste. Parents arranged proper unions for their children, sometimes at ages as young as eight or nine, before sexual attraction had a chance to complicate things. Indian society was patriarchal, centered on villages and extended families dominated by males (Connections, Pg. 4). The villages, in which most people lived, were admini... ...re treated poorly but they can overcome their circumstances so that they may still contribute to society in a powerful way. Although women in the epic Sunjata, Indian and Greek society are all seen as the subordinate gender, the women in the epic Sunjata are strong people by making the best out of situations. Some could say that women control the story. In the beginning, the hunters would not have killed the buffalo woman if not instructed to. Also, if Sogolon hadn’t pressured Sunjata to stand, he wouldn’t have walked his all his life. Throughout history, women have been mistreated as the weaker gender. It has been evident throughout the epic of Sunjata, the history of Greek society as well as Indian society. It is evident today with the social classes we have formed that there are predominant gender roles in our society; history as we know tends to repeat itself.

Federal Preemption of Class III Medical Devices Receiving Premarket App

Federal Preemption of Class III Medical Devices receiving premarket approval Case in Review Court rulings have held that the preemption clause included in the Medical devices act of 1976 protects class III medical devices which have been approved through the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) premarket approval process (PMA) from litigation. Injured parties have no means to seek relief from device manufacturers for injuries sustained due to the use of a class III medical device receiving PMA. Overview of the FDA and Medical devices act of 1976: Congress created the Food and Drug Administration in 1938 under a statute known as the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act. Under the 1938 act, the FDA could not prevent medical devices from entering the market but they could remove unsafe devices from the marketplace. The FDA believed that those same powers given to regulation of drugs should be extended to medical devices to ensure public safety. The Medical devices act of 1976 granted oversight and approval of medical devices to the FDA as a logical extension of duties already provided under previous legislation. The act provided for three classes of medical devices, levels I, II and III. Devices classified under level III were given the most rigorous level of testing and review due to the fact that these devices could produce the greatest level of harm. Level III devices are the only class of devices that are subject to premarket approval which requires manufacturers to submit information related to the safety and effectiveness of their devices for FDA review and approval. The Medical devices act of 1976 included a preemption clause over state law to ensure the federal statutes held supremacy over any state statut... ...mble_fda_final_rule.php>. "Medical Devices." U S Food and Drug Administration Home Page. N.p., n.d. Web. 22 Apr. 2012. . Miller, Roger Leroy, and William Eric Hollowell. Business Law. Mason, OH: South Western Cengage Learning, 2011. Print. "The Development of the Medical Device Amendments | MDDI Medical Device and Diagnostic Industry News Products and Suppliers." MDDI Medical Device and Diagnostic Industry News Products and Suppliers. N.p., n.d. Web. 5 May 2012. . measure, the most plausible, [PDUFA] did not, and in. "Project FDA Report 1 | In the Wake of Wyeth v. Levine: Making the Case for FDA Preemption and Administrative Compensation." Manhattan Institute. N.p., n.d. Web. 21 Apr. 2012. .